1. Glucose Control: It exerts its hypoglycemic effect through a "glucose-dependent" mechanism-promoting insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells only when blood glucose is elevated, thus avoiding the risk of hypoglycemia.
2. Weight Management: It activates the GIP pathway and inhibits AgRP neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the central hypothalamus (reducing calcium signaling by 50%), enhances POMC neuronal function, and reduces food intake.
3. Lipid Metabolism: It upregulates adiponectin expression in white adipose tissue (WAT) (increasing mRNA levels by 2.5 times), promoting fatty acid oxidation; it increases the expression of the thermogenic protein UCP-1 in brown adipose tissue (BAT) (5-fold), improving resting metabolic rate.